3, 1924, and a number of progressive reforms of a bourgeois and national character were introduced in the areas of government and administrative structure, justice, culture, and mode of life. 29, 1923, Turkey was declared a republic.

On Atatürk’s initiative, the sultanate was abolished on Nov. Under the command of Atatürk, the Turkish Army defeated the interventionists in 1922. 13, 1921), the assembly conferred on him the rank of marshal and the title of ghazi. As a result of victory in the battles at the Sakarya River (Aug. As president of the assembly and after September 1921 as supreme commander in chief as well, Atatürk led the armed forces in the national liberation war against the Anglo-Greek intervention. 23, 1920, the Great Turkish National Assembly was formed in Ankara and declared itself the supreme governing body. Under Atatürk’s leadership, a congress of the bourgeois-revolutionary Leagues for the Defense of Rights was held in Erzurum and Sivas in 1919, and on Apr. In 1919 he led a national liberation movement in Anatolia. In 1916 he was promoted to the rank of general and received the title of pasha. He fought at the front in the Turko-Italian War of 1911–12, in the Second Balkan War in 1913, and in World War I (1914–18). However, soon after the Young Turks revolution of 1908, he withdrew from the Committee of Union and Progress. He participated in the Young Turks movement. He received a secondary military education in Salonika and Monastir (Bitola), and a higher education in Istanbul, where he graduated from the General Staff Academy in January 1905.

The Great Turkish National Assembly gave him the surname Atatürk (literally, father of the Turks) in 1934, when surnames were introduced.Ītatürk was born into the family of a timber merchant, a former customs clerk. Founder and first president (1923–38) of the Turkish Republic.

Mustafa kamal